Actions of the brain’s glutamate system. In the presence of alcohol (ethanol, purple circles), the activity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid receptors (AMPARs), is inhibited, reducing cation entry into the cell. As a result, the activity of the neuron is reduced and no or fewer nerve signals are generated.

SOURCE: Clapp, P.; Bhave, S.V.; and Hoffman, P.L. How adaptation of the brain to alcohol leads to dependence: A pharmacological perspective. Alcohol Research & Health 31(4):310–339, 2008.

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Updated: OCtober 2009